Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) as a Determinant of Yield in Hydroponically Cultivated Perilla (Perilla frutescens) in Smart Farms:A Three-Year Analysis

doi:10.22716/sckt.2025.13.4.007

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2025 Vol.13, Issue 4 Preview Page Next Page

Research Article

Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) as a Determinant of Yield in Hydroponically Cultivated Perilla (Perilla frutescens) in Smart Farms:A Three-Year Analysis 수경재배 잎들깨(Perilla frutescens) 스마트팜의 수확량 결정 요인으로서 수증기압포차(VPD): 3개년 분석: Pyeong-Sic Park¹ and Hyo-Gil Choi²
박평식¹, 최효길²; ¹Researcher, Chungcheongnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services
²Professor, Department of Horticulture, Kongju University

¹충청남도농업기술원 농업연구사, ²공주대학교 원예학과 교수

31 December 2025. pp. 79-88

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Abstract

본 연구는 3년간의 수경재배 스마트팜 생산 데이터를 활용하여 온실 내 미기후가 잎들깨(Perilla frutescens)의 생장과 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 피어슨 상관분석과 주성분분석(PCA)을 통해 생장과 수량에 영향을 미치는 주요 환경 요인을 규명하였다. 그 결과, 지배적 요인은 연도별로 달랐으며, 이는 작물 생장 모델의 복잡성과 맞춤형 환경 관리의 필요성을 시사한다. 수증기압포차(VPD)는 일관되게 영향력이 컸는데, 주간 VPD는 수분 스트레스를 유발하는 반면, 야간 VPD는 최적의 생장을 촉진하였다. 연도 간 변동성도 관찰되었으며, 1년차에는 주야간 온도차(DIF), 2년차에는 CO2 농도, 3년차에는 습도가 주요 요인으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 야간 환경 관리의 중요성을 강조하며, 야간의 적정 습도와 VPD 제어가 수량 증대에 결정적임을 확인하였다. 모든 회귀모형은 높은 설명력(R2≥ 89.1%)을 보였고, 특히 야간 VPD가 수량 예측을 위한 신뢰할 수 있는 지표임을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 실시간 모니터링과 유연한 환경 관리 전략의 필요성을 시사한다.

This study investigated the effects of greenhouse microclimatic conditions on the growth and yield of Perilla (Perilla frutescens) using three years of hydroponic smart farm production data. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to identify the key environmental factors influencing growth and yield. The results showed that dominant factors varied across years, highlighting the complexity of perilla growth models and the need for customized environmental management. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) consistently had a strong impact: daytime VPD induced water stress, whereas nighttime VPD promoted optimal growth. Year-to-year variability was also observed, with the day-night temperature difference (DIF) being the main factor in the first year, CO2 concentration in the second year, and humidity in the third year. The study emphasizes the importance of nighttime environmental management, confirming that proper control of nighttime humidity and VPD is critical for yield enhancement. All regression models exhibited high explanatory power (R2≥ 89.1%), with nighttime VPD proving to be a reliable indicator for yield prediction. These findings underscore the importance of real-time monitoring and flexible environmental management strategies.

Keywords

Perilla frutescens

Greenhouse

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD)

Environmental management

Nighttime environmental control

References

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10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0245:APCATW]2.0.CO;2
J. H. Kim, S. W. Jin, and K. H. Kim, “Nutritional and functional properties of Perilla frutescens leaves”, Food Science and Biotechnology, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 1235-1245, 2023.
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A. Kamilaris, A. Kartakoullis, and F. X. Prenafeta-Boldú, “A review on the practice of big data analysis in agriculture”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 143, pp. 23-37, Dec. 2017.
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Information

Publisher :The Society of Convergence Knowledge
Publisher(Ko) :융복합지식학회
Journal Title :The Society of Convergence Knowledge Transactions
Journal Title(Ko) :융복합지식학회논문지
Volume : 13
No :4
Pages :79-88
DOI :https://doi.org/10.22716/sckt.2025.13.4.007

[1] M. Nitta, J. K. Lee, and O. Ohnishi, “Asian Perilla crops and their weedy forms: their cultivation, utilization and genetic relationships”, Economic Botany, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 245-253, 2003.
10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0245:APCATW]2.0.CO;2

[2] J. H. Kim, S. W. Jin, and K. H. Kim, “Nutritional and functional properties of Perilla frutescens leaves”, Food Science and Biotechnology, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 1235-1245, 2023.

[3] M. Asif, “Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils”, Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med., Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 51-59, 2011.
10.1007/s13596-011-0002-x >21909287 PMC3167467

[4] A. Kamilaris, A. Kartakoullis, and F. X. Prenafeta-Boldú, “A review on the practice of big data analysis in agriculture”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 143, pp. 23-37, Dec. 2017.
10.1016/j.compag.2017.09.037

[5] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. Rome, Italy: FAO, 2013.

[6] O. Elijah, T. A. Rahman, I. Orikumhi, C. Y. Leow, and M. N. Hindia, “An overview of Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics in agriculture: Benefits and challenges”, IEEE Internet Things J., Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 3758-3773, Oct. 2018.
10.1109/JIOT.2018.2844296

[7] J. H. M. Jones, Hydroponics: A Practical Guide for the Soilless Grower, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2005.

[8] O. A. Adeoluwa and J. A. Meyer, “AI-based environmental control strategies for precision horticulture”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 198, article 107098, Jul. 2022.
10.1016/j.compag.2022.107098

[9] Z. Li, W. Wang, and J. Gao, “Integration of IoT and machine learning in greenhouse environmental regulation”, Agricultural Systems, vol. 219, article 103066, Jul. 2024.

[10] R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith, “Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements”, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56. Rome, Italy: FAO, 1998.

[11] C. Grossiord, T. N. Buckley, L. A. Cernusak, K. A. Novick, B. Poulter, N. G. McDowell, S. E. Vogel, G. C. Hurtt, J. S. Sperry, and D. R. Schimel, “Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit”, New Phytologist, Vol. 226, No. 6, pp. 1550-1566, Jun. 2020.
10.1111/nph.16485

[12] T. W. Ocheltree, J. S. Nippert, and P. V. V. Prasad, “Stomatal responses to changes in vapor pressure deficit reflect tissue-specific differences in hydraulic conductance”, Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 132-139, Jan. 2014.
10.1111/pce.12137

[13] S. R. Adams, K. E. Cockshull, and C. R. J. Cave, “Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Development of Tomato Fruits”, Ann. Bot., Vol. 88, No. 5, pp. 869-877, Nov. 2001
10.1006/anbo.2001.1524

[14] J. E. Erwin and R. D. Heins, “Thermomorphogenic responses in stem and leaf development”, HortScience, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 940-942, Aug. 1995.
10.21273/HORTSCI.30.5.940

[15] H. Marschner, Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd ed. London, UK: Academic Press, 2012.

[16] M. A. Caird, J. H. Richards, and L. A. Donovan, “Nighttime stomatal conductance and transpiration in C3 and C4 plants”, Plant Physiology, Vol. 143, No. 1, pp. 4-10, Jan. 2007.
10.1104/pp.106.092940 >17210908 PMC1761996

[17] 오명근, 유선주, 김정태, 오용석, 정영근, 장윤석, 박인재, 박권우, “들깨의 광도 및 야간 차단에 따른 개화 반응”, 한국원예학회지, 제36권 제2호, pp. 283-289, 1995.

[18] 박우문, 김영상, “수경재배용 엽채류 배양액 개발 연구”, 한국원예학회지, 제39권 제2호, pp. 248-251, 1998.

[19] 농촌진흥청, “농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준”, 제5판, 농촌진흥청, 수원, 2012.

[20] X. Yu, Y. Zhang, X. Zhao, and J. Li, “Systemic effects of vapor pressure deficit on the physiology and productivity of protected vegetables”, Vegetable Research, Vol. 3, Article 20, Aug. 2023.
10.48130/VR-2023-0020

[21] Y. Lu, R. Jeffers, A. Raju, T. Kenny, E. Ratchanniyasamu, and W. Fricke, “Does night-time transpiration provide any benefit to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants which are exposed to salt stress?” Physiologia Plantarum, Vol. 175, No. 1, article e13839, Jan. 2023.
10.1111/ppl.13839 >36511643 PMC10107941

[22] C. M. Rodríguez-Domínguez, A. Pérez-Martin, M. Hernández-Santana, J. E. Fernández, and A. Diaz-Espejo, “Leaf water potential and conductance: The legacy of plant water potential”, Tree Physiology, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 657-661, Apr. 2022.

[23] D. T. Clarkson, “Factors affecting mineral nutrient acquisition by plants”, Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 36, pp. 77-115, 1985.
10.1146/annurev.arplant.36.1.77

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